Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (Manuscrit de 1939, transcription simplifiée par Kora Véron)
Written in French by Aimé Césaire
Au bout du petit matin bourgeonnant d’anses frêles les Antilles qui ont faim, les Antilles grêlées de petite vérole, les Antilles dynamitées d’alcool, échouées dans la boue de cette baie, dans la poussière de cette ville sinistrement échouées.
Au bout du petit matin, l’extrême, trompeuse désolée eschare sur la blessure des eaux ; les martyrs qui ne témoignent pas ; les fleurs du sang qui se fanent et s’éparpillent dans le vent inutile comme des cris de perroquets babillards ; une vieille vie menteusement souriante, ses lèvres ouvertes d’angoisses désaffectées ; une vieille misère pourrissant sous le soleil, silencieusement ; un vieux silence crevant de pustules tièdes —
l’affreuse inanité de notre raison d’être.
Au bout du petit matin, sur cette plus fragile épaisseur de terre que dépasse de façon humiliante son grandiose avenir — les volcans éclateront, l’eau nue emportera les taches mûres du soleil et il ne restera plus qu’un bouillonnement tiède picoré d’oiseaux marins — la plage des songes et l’insensé réveil.
Au bout du petit matin, cette ville plate — étalée, trébuchée de son bon sens, inerte, essoufflée sous son fardeau géométrique de croix éternellement recommençante, indocile à son sort, muette, contrariée de toutes façons, incapable de croître selon le suc de cette terre, embarrassée, rognée, réduite, en rupture de faune et de flore.
Au bout du petit matin, cette ville plate — étalée…
Et dans cette ville inerte, cette foule criarde si étonnamment passée à côté de son cri comme cette ville à côté de son mouvement, de son sens, sans inquiétude, à côté de son vrai cri, le seul qu’on eût voulu l’entendre crier parce qu’on le sent sien lui seul ; parce qu’on le sent habiter en elle dans quelque refuge profond d’ombre et d’orgueil, dans cette ville inerte, cette foule à côté de son cri de faim, de misère, de révolte, de haine, cette foule si étrangement bavarde et muette.
Dans cette ville inerte, cette étrange foule qui ne s’entasse pas, ne se mêle pas ; habile à découvrir le point de désencastration, de fuite, d’esquive. Cette foule qui ne sait pas faire foule, cette foule, on s’en rend compte, si parfaitement seule sous ce soleil, à la façon dont une femme, toute on eût cru à la cadence lyrique de ses fesses, interpelle brusquement une pluie hypothétique et lui intime l’ordre de ne pas tomber ; ou à un signe rapide de croix sans mobile visible ; ou à l’animalité subitement grave d’une paysanne, urinant debout, les jambes écartées, roides.
Dans cette ville inerte, cette foule désolée sous le soleil, ne participant à rien de ce qui s’exprime, s’affirme, se libère au grand jour de cette terre sienne. Ni à l’Impératrice Joséphine des Français rêvant très haut au-dessus de la négraille. Ni au libérateur figé dans sa libération de pierre blanchie. Ni au conquistador. Ni à ce mépris, ni à cette liberté ni à cette audace.
Au bout du petit matin, cette ville inerte et ses au-delà de lèpres, de consomption, de famines, de peurs tapies dans les ravins, de peurs juchées dans les arbres, de peurs creusées dans le sol, de peurs en dérive dans le ciel, de peurs amoncelées et ses fumerolles d’angoisse.
Au bout du petit matin, le morne oublié, oublieux de sauter.
Au bout du petit matin, le morne au sabot inquiet et docile — son sang impaludé met en déroute le soleil de ses pouls surchauffés.
Au bout du petit matin, l’incendie contenu du morne, comme un sanglot que l’on a bâillonné au bord de son éclatement sanguinaire, en quête d’une ignition qui se dérobe et se méconnaît.
See the other incipit of Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (Version dite définitive de 1956) here
Published January 28, 2025
© Aimé Césaire
Notes For a Return to My Birthplace
Written in French by Aimé Césaire
Translated into English by Kaiama L. Glover and Alex Gil
When the early morning ends, burgeoning with feeble coves, the Antilles aching with hunger, the Antilles scarred by the pox, the Antilles wrecked by alcohol, stranded in the mud of this bay, ominously washed up in the dust of this town.
When the early morning ends, the extreme, treacherous, bleak bedsore on the wound of the waters; the martyrs who don’t bear witness; the flowers of blood that wilt and scatter in the useless wind like the cries of babbling parrots; an old life smiling deceptively, its lips parted by abandoned anxieties; an old poverty silently rotting under the sun; an old silence bursting with lukewarm pustules—
the awful pointlessness of our reason for existing.
When the early morning ends, on this flimsiest pile of earth, exceeded by its grandiose future in humiliating ways—the volcanoes will erupt, the naked water will wash away the ripe spots of the sun and there will only remain a lukewarm bubbling pecked by seabirds—the beach of dreams and the insane awakening
When the early morning ends, this flat town—spread out, fumbled by its common sense, inert, breathless under the geometric burden of its eternally renewed cross, rebellious to its fate, mute, thwarted anyway, incapable of growing from the juice of this earth, embarrassed, cropped, reduced, broken with flora and fauna.
When the early morning ends, this flat town—spread out…
And in this inert town, this howling crowd so astonishingly exceeded by its cry like this town beside its movement, its sense, without anxiety, beside its true cry, the only one that one would have liked to hear because you know it’s the only one that’s truly theirs; because you feel it living within them in some deep refuge of shadow and pride, in this inert town, this crowd beside its cry of hunger, misery, revolt, hatred, this crowd so strangely talkative and yet mute.
In this inert town, this strange crowd that does not crowd together, that does not mix: skillful in discovering the point of disenchantment, of flight, of evasion. This crowd that does not know how to crowd, this crowd, we realize, so perfectly alone under this sun, like a woman, who one would believe was solely focused on the lyrical cadence of her rear end, suddenly calling out a hypothetical rain and commanding it to stop; or a quick sign of the cross without a visible motive; or the suddenly serious animality of a peasant woman, peeing standing up, legs spread apart, stiff.
In this inert town, this desolate crowd under the sun, not participating in anything that is expressed, asserted, or openly exposed about their own land. Not in the Empress Josephine of the French dreaming high up above the Negro. Nor in the Liberator frozen in his liberation of bleached stone. Nor in the conqueror. Nor in this contempt, nor this freedom, nor this audacity.
When the early morning ends, this inert town and its beyond of lepers, of consumption, of famines, of fears lurking in the ravines, of fears perched in the trees, of fears dug in the ground, of fears adrift in the sky, of fears piled up and its fumaroles of anguish. When the early morning ends, the forgotten hillock, forgetting to jump.
When the early morning ends, the dismal hillock with restless and docile hoof—its malarious blood drives away the sun with its overheated pulses.
When the early morning ends, the hillock’s bottled up blaze, like a sob gagged on the verge of its bloodthirsty explosion, in search of an ignition that conceals and misrecognizes itself.
Published January 28, 2025
© Kaiama L. Glover and Alex Gil
Cahier d’un ritorno al paese natio
Written in French by Aimé Césaire
Translated into Italian by Giuseppe Sofo
Sulla punta del primo mattino fiorenti di anse fragili le Antille affamate, le Antille butterate dal vaiolo, le Antille devastate dall’alcool, arenate nel fango di questa baia, nella polvere di questa città sinistramente arenate.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, l’estrema, ingannevole desolata piaga sulla ferita delle acque; i martiri che non rendono testimonianza; i fiori del sangue che svaniscono e si spargono nel vento inutile come grida di pappagalli ciarlieri; una vecchia vita bugiardamente sorridente, le sue labbra aperte da angosce dismesse; una vecchia miseria che marcisce sotto il sole, silenziosamente; un vecchio silenzio che trabocca di pustole tiepide –
l’orrenda vacuità della nostra ragion d’essere.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, su questo strato più fragile di terra superato in maniera umiliante dal suo grandioso futuro – i vulcani esploderanno, l’acqua nuda spazzerà via le macchie mature del sole e non resterà altro che un sobbollimento tiepido beccato dagli uccelli marini – la spiaggia dei sogni e l’insensato risveglio.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, questa città piatta – distesa, che incespica sul suo buon senso, inerte, ansimante sotto il peso del proprio fardello geometrico di croce eternamente rinnovata, indocile alla propria sorte, muta, immancabilmente contrariata, incapace di crescere grazie al succo di questa terra, imbarazzata, distorta, ridotta, privata di flora e di fauna.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, questa città piatta – distesa…
E in questa città inerte, questa folla urlante, così sorprendentemente incapace di cogliere il proprio urlo, come questa città non ha colto il proprio movimento, il proprio senso, senza neanche preoccuparsene, che non ha colto il proprio urlo, l’unico che si voglia sentirle urlare, perché è l’unico che le appartiene; perché si sente che abita in lei in qualche profondo rifugio d’ombra e d’orgoglio, in questa città inerte, questa città incapace di cogliere il proprio urlo di fame, di miseria, di rivolta, di odio, questa folla così stranamente chiassosa e muta.
In questa città inerte, questa strana folla che non si riunisce, non si mescola; abile a scoprire il punto di disincastro, di fuga, di elusione. Questa folla che non sa farsi folla, questa folla, lo si percepisce, così perfettamente sola sotto questo sole, come una donna completamente assorta nella cadenza lirica del suo sedere che interpella bruscamente una pioggia ipotetica e le intima di non cadere; o come un segno rapido della croce senza motivo apparente; o come l’animalità improvvisa e cruda di una contadina, che urina in piedi, con le gambe spalancate e tese.
In questa città inerte, questa folla desolata sotto il sole, che non prende parte a nulla di tutto ciò che viene espresso, affermato, e liberato alla luce del sole di questa sua terra. Né ai sogni di Joséphine, Imperatrice dei francesi, troppo grandi per la negraglia. Né al liberatore fissato nella sua liberazione di pietra sbianchita. Né al conquistador. Né a questo disprezzo, né a questa libertà, né a questa audacia.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, questa città inerte e i suoi aldilà di lebbre, di tubercolosi, di carestie, di paure in agguato nelle gole, di paure appollaiate sugli alberi, di paure scavate nel suolo, di paure alla deriva nel cielo, di paure accumulate e dei loro fumaioli d’angoscia.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, il morne dimenticato, che dimentica di esplodere.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, il morne dallo zoccolo inquieto e docile – il suo sangue malarico disorienta il sole dai battiti surriscaldati.
Sulla punta del primo mattino, l’incendio contenuto del morne, come un singhiozzo imbavagliato all’orlo del suo scoppio sanguinario, alla ricerca di un innesco che si sottrae e si nega.
Published January 28, 2025
© Giuseppe Sofo
Cahier chimin-viré en pays-a man né
Written in French by Aimé Césaire
Translated into Creole by Malik Noël Ferdinand
O fin fin ti douvan-jou ka bougeonnin épi lans frêle cé pays antillais a qui faim, cé pays antillais a grêlé épi lavérette, cé pays antillais a dynamité épi alcool, échoué en laboue larade-taa, en lapoussiè ville-taa échoué en manniè siniss.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, boutt boutt faux lacroûte désolé a assou blessu lanmè ; lé martyr qui pa ka témoigné ; lé flè sang qui ka fané èque ka couri chappé dan vent initile con dé cri jaco babillais; an vié lavie ka fait rôle souri, cé lèv li a ouvè enba dé langoisse dépaillé ; an vié lanmisè ka pourri enba soleil, en mitan silence ; an vié silence ka mö plök plök plök enba dépôt tiède —
initilité monstré di raison viv nou.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, enlai pi fragile lépaissè tè taa granbidim divini-ï ka dépassé en manniè ka fait rhonte — cé volcan-an ké pété, dleau touni a ké chayé cé maque mû soleil-la èque i pé ké rété pliss qui an bouillonement tiède becté épi zouézo — böddlanmè cé rêve-la épi lévé degdeg la.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, ville platt taa — longé, trilbiché enba bon sens li, impioc, ésoufflé enba chage géométrique an lacroix ka ricoummencé con léternité, réfractè épi lo-ï, ababa, aigri en toutt sens, incapab poussé silon lasève latè-taa, mêlé épi cö-ï, raboté, rétréci, assec assec bête épi plante.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, ville platt taa — longé…
Èque en ville impioc taa, lafoule rèlhaise taa passé an manniè si telment étonnant acôté rhélé-ï, con ville-taa acôté mouvemen-ï, sens-li, san lintchiétide, acôté vré rhélé-ï, seùl la yo sé té lé envie tenn li rhélé pace yo ka senti cé li seùl qui ta-ï ; pace yo ka senti i ka viv endidan cö-ï en tchèque joupa fond fond lombrage épi lögeil, en ville impioc taa, lafoule-taa acôté rhélé-ï lafaim, lanmisè, larévolte, lahainn, lafoule-taa si telment drôle aföce i bava épi ababa.
En ville impioc taa, lafoule drôle taa qui pa ka collé cö-ï, pa ka mélangé cö-ï ; débrouilla découvè boutt ligne désencayement, chapp, touffaille. Lafoule-taa qui pa sa fait foule moune, lafoule-taa, yo ka vouè ça, si obidjoulment tout seùl enba soleil-taa, assou manniè an fannm, toutt cö-ï yo té pé couè enlai cadence lyrique fesses-li, ka crié an lapli hypothétique blipment èque ka ba-ï löde pa tombé ; oben assou an signe lacroix vitment préssé san motivation visib ; oben asous manniè bèff sibitment sérié di an fanm bitaco, ka pissé douboutt, janm-li aléca, engoudi engoudi.
En ville impioc taa, lafoule-taa désolé enba soleil, pa ka prend main épi aïen ka esprimé cö-ï, ka douboutt cö-ï, ka libéré cö-ï en grand jou latè-taa qui ta-ï. Ni épi Limpératrice Joséphine cé Francé-a ka révé haut haut haut enlai tête lanégraille. Ni épi libératè-a fligé endidan roche lablanni libération-ï. Ni épi conquistadö-a. Ni épi mépri-taa, ni épi libèté-taa ni épi laudace-taa.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, ville impioc taa épi cé déjambé-ï lêp, maladi poitrinè, famine, peù sérré assise en ravine, peù douboutt assou branche bois, peù fouillé atè, peù en drive adan ciel, peù yonn assou lautt épi cé ti vapè langoisse yo a.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, möne oublié a, oublié i ka oublié sauté.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, möne sabot intchiett et docile la — sang-ï plein palu ka fait soleil prend lavol épi cé batt-tcheù chauffé chaud li a.
O fin fin ti douvan-jou, difé coré du möne-an, con an sanglot yo baillonnin obö éclatement sanginè-ï, pou lespérance an brilé difé ka chappé cö-ï èque qui pa save ça i yé.
Published January 28, 2025
© Malik Noël Ferdinand
Anteckningsbok från återkomsten till mitt hemland
Written in French by Aimé Césaire
Translated into Swedish by Christina Kullberg
Gryningen har nått sin ände, sköra vikar spricker ut, Antillerna utsvultna, Antillerna ärrade av smittkoppor, Antillerna laddade med alkohol, strandade i gyttjan i denna bukt, i dammet i denna stad sorgset strandade.
Gryningen har nått sin ände, längst bort, en futtig förrädisk skorpa över vattnets sår; martyrer som inte vittnar; blommor av blod vissnar och sprids i den värdelösa vinden likt skrin från pratiga papegojor; ett gammalt liv lögnaktigt leende, läpparna uppdragna av förbrukad ångest; ett gammalt lidande ruttnande under solen, tystlåtet; en gammal tystnad kreverande med unkna blåsor –
vårt existensberättigandes fruktansvärda tomhet
Gryningen har nått sin ände, förnedrande går en storslagen framtid förbi detta ömtåliga jordlager – vulkanerna ska explodera, det nakna vattnet ska dra med sig solens mogna fläckar och kvar kommer inte finnas annat än ett ljummet avkok där sjöfåglar pickar – drömmarnas och det dåraktiga uppvaknandets strand.
Gryningen har nått sin ände, denna platta stad börjar om på nytt i oändlighet – utspridd, snubblande över sitt förnuft, slö, släpar andfådd på ok av geometriska kors, vägrar envist sitt öde, stum, harmsen på alla vis, oförmögen att växa tillsammans med jordens livssaft, skamsen, plågad, förminskad, avskuren från fauna och flora.
Gryningen har nått sin ände, denna platta stad – utspridd
Och i denna slöa stad går den skräniga folkmassan så häpnadsväckande förbi sitt skrik som staden går förbi sin sinnesrörelse, sin mening, aningslös, förbi sitt sanna skrik, det enda man vill höra den skrika för att man känner att det tillhör den; för att man känner att det bor i den i något djupt skrymsle av mörker och stolthet i denna slöa stad, denna folkmassa vid sidan om sitt skrik av hunger, armod, uppror, hat, denna folkmassa så häpnadsväckande pratsam och stum.
I denna slöa stad, denna märkliga folkmassa som inte kan samla sig, som inte kan beblanda sig; skicklig på att upptäcka avinfogningspunkten, flyktpunkten, väjningspunkten. Denna folkmassa vet inte hur den blir en grupp, denna folkmassa så uppenbart utsökt ensam under solen, som när en kvinna, vars höfters rytmiskt lyriska rörelser man satt sin tillit till oväntat anropar ett hypotetiskt regn och ger det order att inte falla; eller likt ett snabbt oförutsett korstecken; eller en bondflicka som i en plötsligt allvarlig djuriskhet, urinerar stående, benen särade, stela.
Denna slöa stad, denna sorgliga folkmassa under solen bryr sig inte om något som uttrycks, bejakas, befrias mitt på ljusan dag i detta deras land. Inte om Joséphine, kejsarinnan över fransmännen drömmande högt ovanför svartskallarna. Inte om befriaren vars frigörelse är befäst i vitnande sten. Inte om konkvistadorerna. Inte om föraktet, eller friheten eller modet.
Gryningen har nått sin ände, denna slöa stad med en baksida av spetälska, konsumtion, svält, rädslor som klär ravinens väggar, rädslor som häckar i träden, rädslor nergrävda i marken, rädslor på drift i skyn, en ansamling av rädslor, och dess vulkaniska gaser av ångest.
Gryningen har nått sin ände, den bortglömda bergknallen, glömmer bort att sprängas
Gryningen har nått sin ände, bergknallen på orolig och foglig fot –– dess malariasmittade blods överhettade puls får solen att ändra rutt
Gryningen har nått sin ände, bergknallens undertryckta brand, en snyftning kvävs vid randen av ett blodtörstigt utbrott, på jakt efter en antändning som värjer sig och inte känner sin kraft.
Published January 28, 2025
© Christina Kullberg
Other
Languages
The following translations of the incipit, or actually the incipits, of Aimé Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal arose from a study of the incredible fluidity of this poem, a key work of francophone literature. They are a testimony to the fluidity that exists as much between different versions regarded as original or definitive as between the various translations into multiple languages. These different translations were produced not only because of varying interpretations of the same words but also because of translations being done on texts at different stages during the evolution of the original poem.
The project originated in the “Seuils poétiques” section of the scholarly journal Revue italienne d’études françaises (RIEF), which in 2022 featured five different translations of Cahier d’un retour au pays natal in the issue dedicated to the work, three of which had never been previously published. They were Malik Noël-Ferdinand’s translation into Creole, Lilian Pestre de Almeida’s translation into Portuguese, Kaiama Glover and Alex Gil’s translation into English, Ryo Fukushima’s translation into Japanese and my translation into Italian. The project was then followed by events organized within two twin conferences, “Traduire en archipel(s),” organized by Ca’ Foscari University in Venice, the University of Tours and the University of Orléans, and held in Venice and Tours between April and June 2023. They were included as part of the activities of the TransKarib research project dedicated to the translation of Caribbean literature.
We felt it was fitting to continue this dialogue with Cahier in the pages of Specimen, a publication born from the idea of giving space to the multilingual translation of texts. In this case, obviously expanding the reach of the text with additional translations, in particular with the Swedish translation by Christina Kullberg (who also translates Glissant and Chamoiseau), the translation into Arabic by Lina Bader, the translation into Serbian by Bojan Savić Ostojić and the translation into Tagalog by Camillo Nogoy.
That Césaire would be easily embraced by the Arabic language was perhaps obvious, but that the poem would also encounter Serbo-Croatian was in the very DNA of the text’s history. In fact, according to legend, Césaire began writing the poem during a summer vacation in Dalmatia where he had been invited by Petar Guberina, his friend and fellow poet and a native of the land. One day during the trip, he saw from afar what he believed was an island, which his friend then told him was named Martinska. It made him think of his native Martinique and at that moment he began the poem which represents a return to his own island more mental than physical. Instead, the translation into Tagalog happened because of his encounter with Annette Hug, a Swiss author and translator into this language who, through a conference in Cerisy and one in Tours, opened up another archipelago to meet the Caribbean one.
In addition to thanking the translators who took up the arduous game of translating Césaire, we thank the journal RIEF, which besides initiating this entire process, also allowed us to republish the texts that had already appeared within its covers. I would also like to thank Matteo Campagnoli who allowed me to join the long line of translators who have varied their translation of the incipit, proposing this “Sulla punta del mattino” that I decided to adopt and adapt for this second version.
Giuseppe Sofo
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